Last Days Of Socrates Essay - 2248 Words

The Last Days of Socrates Plato. The Last Days of Socrates. London: Penguin Books Ltd., 1993 Imagine the time just after the death of Socrates. The people of Athens were filled with questions about the final judgment of this well-known, long-time citizen of Athens. Socrates was accused at the end of his life of impiety and corruption of youth. Rumors, prejudices, and questions flew about the town. Plato experienced this situation when Socrates, his teacher and friend, accepted the ruling of death from an Athenian court. In The Last Days of Socrates, Plato uses Socrates’ own voice to explain the reasons that Socrates, though innocent in Plato’s view, was convicted and why Socrates did not escape his punishment as offered by the†¦show more content†¦At first, I was shocked to read this because it would seem that the rich could go unpunished for crimes. But then when I considered our court system in America, I discovered that we are not too much different even though we try to be totally fair. The wealthy, such as O.J. Simpson, can afford many lawyers at astronomical cost and, whether guilty or not, can almost ensure an acquittal. In his writings, Plato wants to explain why Socrates accepted the penalty of death from the Athenian court. This is very important because Plato wanted Socrates to be seen in a positive, glorified light. In the public eye, why would Socrates be convicted if he were not guilty of failing to serve the gods and of swaying the youth? Also, why would he submit to the court’s ruling unless he thought he deserved the punishment? Not only the general public, but also Socrates’ followers and friends were concerned and wanted to know the answers to these questions. Thus, Plato writes about Socrates’ confusion about the charges about impiety, his defense, and his sense of duty to his city’s laws in a way that is designed to make Socrates seem appealing to the Athenian people. While accomplishing this goal, Plato almost defines the relationship between the individual and the society and the relation of state and religion. The first topic discussed is Socrates’Show MoreRelatedThe Prince And The Last Days Of Socrates1987 Words   |  8 PagesPrince and The Last Days of Socrates, Niccolà ² Machiavelli and Socrates give their respective personal discourses on what makes an effective leader and what are favorable practices of politics. Although both men have intense nationalism and agree on the ends of their operations being a prosperous principality, it is how they plan to get there, in which the two men differ. Machiavelli believes in a cautious, unexamined approach to statecraft where the ends justify the means while Socrates believes inRead More Recounting the Last Days of Socrates in Crito Essay1379 Words   |  6 PagesRecounting the Last Days of Socrates in Crito In the Last Days of Socrates the dialogue â€Å"Crito† recounts Socrates last days before his execution. Socrates had been accused of corrupting the youth and not worshipping the Gods of the state. During his trial he denied all accusations and attempted to defend himself by proving his innocence using reason . He was judged to be guilty and given a death sentence. His long time friend Crito proposes to Socrates a plan to escape from his death sentenceRead MoreEssay on Plato’s Crito: The Last Days of Socrates 1134 Words   |  5 Pages As Socrates awaits his upcoming execution; he is visited before dawn by a close old friend Crito. Crito has made arrangements to help Socrates escape from prison. Socrates is grateful to his old friend for his willing to help aide him in the escape. However, Socrates is quite willing to await his execution. Crito tries to change Socrates mind about escaping by presenting him with several arguments. The first is that if Socrates choices to stay, his death will reflect poorly on Crito. The peopleRead More Comparison of Platos The Last Days of Socrates and Hesses Siddhartha1699 Words   |  7 PagesComparison of Platos The Last Days of Socrates and Hesses Siddhartha       The Last Days of Socrates and Siddhartha are sources that reveal information about religious or philosophical ideas in the cultures that they focus on. While vast differences exist between the Greek and Indian values that shape their philosophies, they make similar assumptions as they attempt to make sense of the world. Understanding the dichotomous relationship of the soul and the body is integral to grasping the similaritiesRead MorePlatos The Last Days of Socrates: Phaedo, Wisdom, and the Soul2420 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿Read the following in Platos The Last Days of Socrates: Phaedo Wisdom and the Soul Plato sees death as a good thing and the way we can understand this is by reference to the Platonic forms. The platonic forms are the essence of the abstract; they are the purity and the true Good that are clouded by materialism. For instance, we have beauty that is hidden in aesthetic objects (or in love); we have Justice, Truth, and many other Ideals. Access to these Ideals affords us true bliss and KnowledgeRead MoreThe Last Days Of Socrates And Niccolo Machiavelli s The Prince And The Discourses1651 Words   |  7 PagesThe Last Days of Socrates, and Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Prince and The Discourses. Both pieces take place during political uncertainty with surrounding societal turmoil. Each take a different approach to how these issues must be dealt with. They each have their own construct of an ideal political regime which, at times overlap, but at others do not. Machiavelli seeks to gain power and wealth while Socrates seeks to gain knowledge and justice. It is becaus e of these differences that Socrates wouldRead MoreSocrates, Man of Many Colors1125 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Socrates, the Man of Many Colors† The Last Days of Socrates contains a series of dialogues with Socrates in the run- up to his trial, where he is sentenced to death. Plato, the author, was inspired by Socrates. Plato was a student of his and went on to teach many famous people such as Aristotle, who wrote treatises on everything from poetry to biology, and even Alexander the Great. Plato was born into a wealthy family around the last days of the Athenian Empire (427-347 B.C.). Plato was alsoRead MoreThe Political Philosophy Of Niccolo Machiavelli And Socrates1444 Words   |  6 PagesAmong the most well-known and notorious philosophers, Niccolo Machiavelli and Socrates laid the groundwork for western political philosophy and modern day politics. Though both lived through times of political transition and war, the fragility of their politics, violence of their wars, and the leaders they lived under influenced the development of their differing ideologies about the governing of principalities. From Machiavelli’s experience, came, â€Å"The Prince,† a guidebook about the importance ofRead MoreEssay on Comparison of Eastern and Western Philosophers803 Words   |  4 PagesComparison of Eastern and Western Philosophers I will compare the Western philosopher Socrates to the Eastern philosopher Lao Tzu. These two philosophers had some things in common with their ideas and philosophies that they pursued. Socrates was a western philosopher that lived in Athens Greece and Lao was thought to be from what is now known as the Hunan province of China. Socrates Socrates lived in Athens which was a city that taught it was better to solve problems through debateRead MoreSocrates s Theory Of Knowledge1130 Words   |  5 PagesIn Socrates’ work, Phaedo, transcribed by Plato, Socrates is in jail after loosing his trial. He has been sentenced to death, and is now awaiting to be put to death. On the day of his death, Socrates is visited by a few of his followers who have been loyal for a long time. Fearing his death, they have a last conversation with Socrates trying to get some of the last philosophical knowledge out of him that they can get. In this conversation, Socrates tells his interlocutors a lot about life and virtue

Developing Countries Essay - 1109 Words

Developing countries are closely linked to debt. This is because developing countries needs to allocate more funds to resolve debt crises. Debt can create a negative effect to the host country’s economy and the social condition of a country. This issue of indebtedness is usually solved using domestic capital. Since developing countries have low income, therefore they have low level of savings. The savings are insufficient to repay debt. Thus the government resolves the issue by imposing higher tax. But this will lead to inflationary tax, which is a burden to the further generation. Therefore, the government resorts to foreign borrowings. Domestic borrowings and foreign borrowings have further increased the total debt accumulated by the†¦show more content†¦Thus, the higher the degree of receptiveness enhances the nation capacity to attract foreign direct investment. The level of education attained can be represented by the human capital development of the nation meanwhile the economic integration is through the financial development and environmental condition of the nation. Education builds human capital and prepares them for the rapidly changing global economy. Education fitness improves the ability to process information, creation through research development that prepares a fertile ground. Hence, human capital can create a location advantage. Human capital also includes education and training. Training develops people by transferring information and knowledge to employees, equipping employees to translate information and knowledge into practice with a view to enhance organization effectiveness, productivity and the quality of managing people. This will direct the inflow of foreign direct investment to robust the economy. Market in a nation is also the economic and financial indicator in attracting foreign direct investment. Financial development has a strong positive effect on economic growth because well-developed financial systems could channel financial resources to the most productive use. Thus it will reduce the transaction and information costs in an economy. Market fitness should be exposed to competition with protective regulation. This is essential because it involvesShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Globalization On Developing Countries2029 Words   |  9 Pagesglobalization has had a negative impact on developing countries, specifically increasing poverty as well as negatively affecting employment, safety of women, gender inequality and wage-gaps. First we must define important terms such as globalization and developing countries. Globalization refers to the interaction among international countries in terms of business, politics, trade, industrialization and technology. It is the idea to break d own barriers between countries and encourage openness and transparencyRead MoreThe Proliferation of Technology in Developing Countries1319 Words   |  6 Pagesworld from large to medium and countries and governments were the main protagonists. The governments of countries would finance explorers like Christopher Columbus to discover new parts of the world to enhance trade and commerce. The governments financed the explorers through the exports of manufactured goods and by taxing nobles and their manors. Globalization 1.0 lasted from 1492 until the early 1800’s. This era was the beginning of a global arbitrage. Countries were the dynamic change agents duringRead MoreEssay on Military Leaders in Developing Countries1477 Words   |  6 PagesMilitary Leaders in Developing Countries The role of the military in any country is one of prestige. 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Economic and social issues also pose a threat as economics helping bring money into the country and w ith different classes of people, some may or may not getRead MoreSources Of Income For Individuals Developing Countries1498 Words   |  6 Pagessources of income for individuals in developing countries. Apart from earnings from regular jobs, they rely on transfer earnings from abroad. These earnings are regarded as windfalls and are not taxed. Indirectly, they enhance the purchasing power and improve the standard of living of recipients. Dominant among these sources is the migrant remittance. Migrants’ economic remittance is an important and growing source of foreign funds for several developing countries. At present, these inflows have moreRead MoreThe Factors Affecting The Economy Of Developing Countries Essay2323 Words   |  10 PagesRemittances are the money transfers made by people working in foreign countries to individuals in their home countries .These are currently rising at a high rate and almost competing with aid from other countries. Although they have not be en greatly considered as one major source income in Kenya, they have become a significant component of the county’s economic flow. Due to this rise in significance, diaspora remittances have become a great topic of interest in the recent times. This has particularlyRead MoreThe Impact of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) on Developing Countries992 Words   |  4 Pagesinstances, the decision to expand a firm’s operations in another country was a means of circumventing protectionist measures and trade barriers, or simply to curry favor with governments, as practiced by IBM (280). MNCs play a significant role in globalization due to the large amount of capital, technology and development they command across borders. Their influence is apparent when one considers that General Motors’ revenues exceed 148 countries’ respective GDPs (Stiglitz Ch. 7, location 3353). Such economicRead MoreWhat Is the Rational of Planning for Development in Developing Countries1444 Words   |  6 Pageswhat is the rationale for development planning in developing countries? by Vincent Siwawa on Thursday, April 5, 2012 at 6:48pm  · Among the various purposes oor reasons for developmemt planning in developing countries include, market failures, foriegn aid, resource mobilisationand allocation, attittudianl or psychological impact, the need to get direction, to measure progress, nation building through public participation, to avoid conflicts and prevent resource from being wastedRead MoreGlobalization Has Increased The Vulnerability Of Developing Countries1406 Words   |  6 Pagesculture, finance and technology. Globalisation and developing countries: (248) Through trade, investment and capital flows, globalisation exerts a profound influence on the whole world, especially the countries of the South. Globalisation can accelerate economic growth and boost international cooperation. It provides opportunities, at the same time, presents challenges and risks. Globalisation has increased the vulnerability of developing countries. As financial crisis has illustrated, the lack ofRead MoreImpacts Of E-Commerce On Developed And Developing Countries.1296 Words   |  6 Pages Impacts of E-commerce on developed and developing countries Chahat Singla NAIT Bachelor of Technology in technology management Applied Research Methods (RSCH3000) Contact: chahatsingla10@gmail.com Introduction E-Commerce is a method for working together exchanges by means of the web. It deals with establishing customer to buyer relations, business to business (B2B) purchasing and offering. It involves exchanging items or administration using computers. There are many advantages and disadvantages

Safety Management Tools Used By The Food Industry Health Essay Free Essays

Today ‘s people are much more cognizant about nutrient safety and quality than past. Due to nutrient borne unwellness eruption and merchandise callback besides suffered 1000000s of lbs economic losingss in nutrient industry. Major grounds for these failure are botching, alterations in the equipment, add-on of wrong ingredients, preparation procedure, formula or readying pattern, jobs in packaging, deficiency of attending to detail every bit good as malicious taint. We will write a custom essay sample on Safety Management Tools Used By The Food Industry Health Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now A physical belongings that may do a nutrient to be insecure for human ingestion are known as physical jeopardy. Usually occurs in nutrient premises and may do serious unwellness. It could be happen by natural stuffs like bone, tegument, connective tissue or by extrinsic stuffs like foreign organic structures such as glass, plastic, pieces of metal, wood, paper every bit good as insect infestation. The presence of foreign organic structures like glass and rodent dungs in nutrient is a greater concern as it breakdown hygiene. It may be brought into nutrient premises with the natural stuffs or acquire introduce during any processing phase. Foreign stuffs get into nutrient accidentally for case pieces of metal in mince meat or of course occurring objects for illustration castanetss in fish that are see menace to the consumer. In nutrient processing installations, most common beginnings found are bottles, jars, bulbs, light fixtures, utensils, gage screens, glass containers and glass nutrient containers. Usually it may do cuts, shed blooding that may necessitate sometimes surgery to happen or take this physical jeopardy. To avoid this hazard nutrient industry should minimise utilizing of ordinary glass. Dials and gages on equipment should be perfect. Besides, they should hold a glass policy particularly to manage with breakage spectacless. Possibly, nutrient readying should halt in instance of serious breakage event. Contaminated nutrient must be discarded. By ocular review, nutrient container may look into for any broken parts of glass. It should be guarantee that the country is cleaned and free from broken spectacless before get downing nutrient preperation. Food animal trainer requires proper preparation and direction as if they can response right. Furthermore, to observe glass from nutrient in nutrient industry, optical scanners, x-ray machines, screens, filters and air separation system can use. Furthermore, blaring with air or lavation, inverting, is necessary to minimise the hazard being present in a container merely prior to make fulling. Wood: Common beginnings of wood found in edifices, boxes, Fieldss, wooden palettes or wooden construction used to supermarket and retailer. Besides might be associate with natural stuff transit and merchandise processing industry. It may do cuts, infection, choking. Soft wood should be take from production premises. Wooden containers used for transporting natural stuffs should be phased out. Over unfastened nutrient palettes should non be dual stacked. Rock: Field harvests for illustration lentil, garden peas and beans contain small rocks that may picked up at reaping period. Rocks can besides acquire introduce with nutrients from floor. Plastics: Common beginnings of plastic include boxing stuff, utensils used for cleansing, palettes, baseball mitts worn by nutrient animal trainer. It may do choking, cuts, infection. Metallic element: Common beginnings are machinery, Fieldss, wire and employees. It may do infection, cuts. INSECT AND OTHER FILTH: Cultivation land, works post-process entry are the beginnings of insect infestation. it may do unwellness, injury, choking. Jewelry: Pens, pencils, buttons, careless nutrient animal trainer patterns can be include. It may do cuts, infection etc. Bones: Common beginnings are Fieldss, improper processing works. It may do choking and injury. INSULAION: Common beginnings are constructing stuff. It may do choking, long-run if asbestos. OTHERS: Common beginnings are basics, composition board, fabric, fiber, threading so on. Particular attention is necessary when nutrient deliver in assorted container like paper pokes, boxes and tease board.After taking threading from hessian pokes should instantly be placed in appropriate container to avoid taint. It may do choking and dental harm like dentitions broken. Natural Material: In nutrient processing variable nature of natural stuff quality may be a important job. Natural stuffs can be a of import beginning of immaterial affair and nutrient makers use a scope of screening, cleansing and rating operations to take out the jeopardy stuff. In industry of frozen peas for case, metal prison guards, coffin nail terminals, chaffs, rocks, sticks, caterpillars and soil frequently associate with the vined peas as they arrived at the processing industry. Control step should hold specification to detail maximal allowable degrees of taint in the incoming natural stuffs. By holding specifications with all providers and monitoring and measuring the provider public presentation in run intoing the specifications, the company has an positive tool in minimising the hazard by immaterial affair. Before utilizing natural stuffs, cleaning or rinsing and review may necessary. Most physical taint has to be removed by employee as the veggies pass along an lighted review belt. Food production should be filteed liquid and pulverizations sieved, filters screens and screens should be every bit all right as possible and must be cleaned and checked often. Worn equipment should replaced. Wooden-framed screens are normally non accepted Packaging Material: Packaging is besides a beginning of immaterial affair in the signifier of warehouse and conveyance dirt/dust, wood from the palettes, paper and polythene strips from over wraps and a assortment of insects and even gnawers. containers ( tins, jars, bottles and fictile pots ) may be used straight foe make fulling with mineral cleansing and any rogue stuff in the container ( metal matchwoods, glass, soil, insects, etc. ) may stop up in the terminal merchandise. Effective WAY FOR CONTROLLING PHYSICAL HAZARDS: To develope, physical jeopardy designation plan in the nutrient industry, processors have to roll up elaborate information for every phase of each nutrient processing and their beginning. Significant physical jeopardies can be found by detecting each procedure phase during all phases of its processing at the industry factory.After placing jeopardies, an effectual plan can run to pull off and cut down these hazards of serious happening.Tools of the overall plan include carefully throughout Hazard analysis and critical control point ( HACCP ) , sanitation, care and Good fabrication pattern ( GMP ) programsI? effectual microbiological and chemical confirmation testing, systematic procedures validation both yearly and when alterations occurI? regular employee trainingI? and merchandise design and packaging schemes that should carefully take into history both the possible jeopardies that have been identified and the consequences of possible maltreatment of the merchandise. Auditing agenda must be designed to happen out failings in all of these countries. Identified Critical Control Points ( CCP ‘s ) are critical, and this information must be used to implement apropriate control of the procedure. Furthermore, regular scrutinizing on this information should happen in order to guarantee betterment bit by bit. Besides, to overlook possible jeopardies, or neglect to execute confirmation measurings where needed can take to disaster really fast. Commercial research labs are besides a possible resource to supply way and input to understand, implement, and utilize these tools. This aid can come in the signifier of microbiological and chemical analysis, proof testing, merchandise testing, audits, consulti-ng services from HACCP ­trained expertness, and customized on ­site preparation pertinent to the sector of the nutrient industry that provides maximal benefit to employees and installation. Standard operating processs ( SOPs ) to minimise hazards of physical jeopardies. †¢ Wearing hair cyberspaces to minimise the chance for hair associate into nutrient. †¢ Avoid utilizing nail Polish or unreal nails. Polish can flake off and fall into nutrient, and unreal nails can come loose and autumn into nutrient. †¢ Avoid utilizing rings with rocks or earrings that could integrate into nutrient. Pay particular attending to the nutrient during readying to place physical contaminations. †¢ Take attention to take and fling all packaging from nutrient. †¢ Remove all castanetss when deboning poulet or other meats. †¢ Look for possible contaminations. For illustration, dry beans must be sorted prior to rinsing to take rocks that may be at that place from crop. †¢ Remove any toothpicks that might be used in nutrient readying. Maintain, clean and usage equipment decently. †¢ Clean and sanitise equipment and utensils after use each clip. †¢ Clean blades of can openers after usage to guarantee that metal shaves do non roll up. †¢ Use merely commercial ice scoops when acquiring ice from an ice machine or assigning ice. †¢ Puting shields on visible radiations. †¢ Shatterproof visible radiation bulbs can be usage. Decision: In decision it can be said to cut down hazard of major nutrient incidents, which cause human unwellness and major economic loss, it is of import to place and understand the possible jeopardies by the nutrient provider. It is their duty to place and minimise jeopardies in the nutrient that they produce or serve. Effective and possible schemes and control steps must be developed to minimise the jeopardies. A procedure should be placed that is well-designed, wellmanaged and capable to regular reappraisal theis at the lowest hazard for critical failures. Overall, an effectual quality control system is the most cost effectual manner to run for the primaryproducer, and consequences in the greatest possible satisfaction for the consumers benefit from the quality of the product.So, supplier quality confidence, good fabrication procedure and preparation installations in nutrient industry among nutrient animal trainer could be effectual safety direction tools. Furthermore, to place any importa nt physical jeopardy or critical control point, nutrient industry should construct a HACCP squad and behavior by flow diagram for the each processing phase. Auditing besides can be How to cite Safety Management Tools Used By The Food Industry Health Essay, Essay examples

Edna St. Vincent Millay Essay Example For Students

Edna St. Vincent Millay Essay Edna St. Vincent Millay Edna St. Vincent Millay,a poet and playwrite, was best known for her lyrical poetry.She wrote many poems, on topics such as love, fidelity, erotic desire, and feminist issues.The part of Millay that wasnt highly publicized is that she addressed herself as a bisexual and had many affairs with woman before her marriage.It is not said if she continued sexual involments with women after her marriage (though it is quite possible), nor it is not said which of her poems are written about women rather than men. Edna St. Vincent Millay grew up in a different sort of family.Born February 22, 1892 in Rockland, Maine, and the oldest of three daughters of Henry Tolman Millay and Cora Lounella (Buzelle) Millay. When Edna was around the age eight her mother divorced her father.After the divorce her mother worked as a nurse to support the family.Her mother encouraged Edna and her sisters to study music and literature and urged them to be independent and ambitious. Ednas first published poem Forest Trees. Written when she was fourteen, appeared in St. Nicholas Magazine (October 1906).With in the next four years, St. Nicholas published five more of her poems one of which, The Land of Romance received a gold badge of the St. Nicholas League and later was reprinted in Current Literature (April 1907).In 1912 Renascence one of Millays poems was anthologized in The Lyric Year and met with critical acclaim. When Millays poems were published she gained literary recognition and earned a scholarship to Vassar.At Vassar she continued to write poetry and became involved in the theater.In 1922 one of her plays The Harp Weaver was awarded the Palitzer Prize.Millay also published a book of poems in 1922 called A Few Figs from Thistles in this volume, she described female sexuality in a way that gained her much attention, as she put fourth the idea that a women has every right to sexual pleasure and no obligation to fidelity. Following her successes in the 1920s and early 1930s, Millays poetry gradually suffered a critical and popular decline.Unfortunately, her real poetic achievements were overshadowed by her image as the free (but naughty) woman of the 1920s. During the last two decades of her life, millay was almost ignored critically, although her Collected Sonnets appeared in 1941.Since the late 1960s, however, there has been a renewed interest in Millays works. On July 18,1923, she married Eugen Jan Boissevain.She then spent much of the next few years in reading engagements throughout the United States, and with her husband she toured the Orient in 1924.Boissevain, a native of the Netherlands and an importer, devoted his life to the poet.They lived Steepletop, their rural home in Austerlitz, N.Y., and at Ragged Island, their summer home in Casco Bay, Maine.Her health was precarious in 1939, and she became partly paralyzed in her right arm as an aftermath of a motor accident in 1936, undergoing prolo nged medical treatment.The Second World War brought new strains.Anxiety for the safety of Boissevains family in German-occupied.. Holland and the loss of Boissevains holdings in the Dutch East Indies brought severe financial hardship.Boissevain died on August 30, 1949. In the 1940s, her poems were frankly intended to arouse national patriotism and fervor.Make Bright the Arrows; 1940 Notebook (1940) and The Murder of Lidice (1942) contain a variety of these verses. Millay was elected to the American Academy of Arts and letters (1940) and received the gold medal of the Poetry Society of America (1943). After her husbands death, Millay went on living in their isolated house in Austerlitz and died there alone of a heart attack on October 19, 1950.She was buried at Steepletop.She left in manuscript a number of current poems, as well as a number of unpublished poems from earlier periods.These were published posthumously in Mine the Harvest (1954).Two years later, her Collected Poems appeared. .u58668438b236485333c9965e76ec4b56 , .u58668438b236485333c9965e76ec4b56 .postImageUrl , .u58668438b236485333c9965e76ec4b56 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u58668438b236485333c9965e76ec4b56 , .u58668438b236485333c9965e76ec4b56:hover , .u58668438b236485333c9965e76ec4b56:visited , .u58668438b236485333c9965e76ec4b56:active { border:0!important; } .u58668438b236485333c9965e76ec4b56 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u58668438b236485333c9965e76ec4b56 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u58668438b236485333c9965e76ec4b56:active , .u58668438b236485333c9965e76ec4b56:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u58668438b236485333c9965e76ec4b56 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u58668438b236485333c9965e76ec4b56 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u58668438b236485333c9965e76ec4b56 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u58668438b236485333c9965e76ec4b56 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u58668438b236485333c9965e76ec4b56:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u58668438b236485333c9965e76ec4b56 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u58668438b236485333c9965e76ec4b56 .u58668438b236485333c9965e76ec4b56-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u58668438b236485333c9965e76ec4b56:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Reconstruction EssayHere are some of Edna St. Vincent Millays poems. Witch-WifeShe is neither pink nor pale,And she never will be all mine;She learned her hands in a fairy-tale,And her mouth on a valentine,She has more hair than she needs; In the sun tis a woe to me!And her voice is a sting of colored beads,Or steps leading into the sea,She loves me all that she can,And her ways to my ways resign;But she was not made for any man,And she will never be all mine. Song of the Second AprilApril this year, nor other wiseThan April of a year ago,Is full of whispers, full of sighs,Of dazzling mud and dingy snow;Hepaticas that pleased you soAre here again, and butterflies. There rings a hummering all day,And shingles lie about the doors;In orchards near and far awayThe gray wood-pecker taps and bores;And children earnest at their play. The larger streams run still and deep,Noisy and swift the small brooks runAmong the mullein stalks the sheepGo up the hillside in the sun,Pensively, only you are gone,You that alone I cared to keep,DaphneWhy do you follow me?Any moment I can beNothing but a laural-tree. Any moment of the chaseT can leave you in my placeA pink bough for your embrace. Yet if over hill and hollowStill it is your will to follow,I am off; to heel, Apollo!SpringTo what purpose, April, do you return again?Beauty is not enough. You no longer quiet me with the rednessOf little leaves opening stickily. I know what I know. The sun is hot on my neck as I observeThe spikes of the crocus. The smell of the earth is good. It is apparent that there is no death. But what does that signify?Not only under ground are the brains of menEaten by maggots. Life in itselfIs nothing,An empty cup, a flight of uncarpeted stairs. It is not enough that yearly, down this hill,AprilComes like an idiot, babbling and strewing flowers. FeastI drank at every vine. The last was like the first. I came upon no wineSo wonderful as thirst. I gnawed at every root. I ate of every plant. I came upon no fruitSo wonderful as want. Feed the grape and beanTo the vinter and monger:I will lie down leanWith my thirst and my hunger.

Quality in Product and Service design

Introduction Quality is regarded as a very important part of life today, which has become necessary for businesses to compete effectively in the market (Dhillon, 2005, p.123). Generally, product quality directly affects consumer loyalty and company profitability (Mital, et al. 2008, p.78).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Quality in Product and Service design specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The concept is both vital in both manufacturing and service sectors, and has continuously played an important role in providing assurance to the safety of customers (Sower 2010, p.3). In addition, quality of a product or service has often being defined as ‘fitness for purpose’ (Chitale and Gupta 2007, p.332). This definition provides the impression that, for any industry or enterprise to be successful and accomplish its set goals effectively it has to possess the ability to supply products of excellent quality at minimal cost and also at minimum waiting time for the customer. Khanna sees quality as â€Å"the totality of features of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy the customer’s stated or implied needs† (Khanna, 2007, p.64). The author further believes that quality has the sole responsibility of providing satisfaction to both actual and perceived needs. Upon the inception of the concept of quality, the concern in many industries rested on checking raw materials before production and finished goods after production in order to attain quality objectives (Chitale and Gupta, 2007, p.332). But today, quality has become important to both the customer and the supplier whereby if a product is largely inadequate, it usually incurs additional costs for inspection, testing, scrap, rework and the handling of numerous complaints and this often heap many claims on the part of the supplier. Further, on the part of service industries, errors, checking enquiries and comp laint handling always lead to loss of efficiency and productivity, thus affecting the repeat sales and future markets. Therefore, quality has become a vital element in industries and it has to be ensured in all key areas of marketing, design, purchasing, production or operation and distribution.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Quality of design Most industries adopt different product design strategies where the ultimate goal becomes that of satisfying the customers. But it becomes necessary that the design of a product or service should integrate the features and attributes that provide satisfaction to the customer needs. Design quality essentially gives value to a product in the market place and hence graduates to be regarded as an important strategic issue (Khanna, 2007, p.65). With regards to this, the most vital feature of the design in relation to quality is the specifi cation which, in general terms, describes the product in a more comprehensive manner of all the aspects that are required to give full satisfaction to the customer’s needs. Therefore, specification becomes the benchmark upon which the maximum tolerable variations that can be accepted from the particular attribute (Khanna, 2007). Design quality has numerous dimensions that are employed in understanding the concept of product and service better: Performance, performance in this case constitute the basic operating characteristics of a product where the customers have the opportunity to evaluate the quality of a product by making comparison between the performance of the product or service with another similar products which are available in the market and given by the competitors (Khanna, 2007); Features, these vital elements constitute secondary characteristics which supplement the primary characteristics as outlined under performance. These characteristics often influence the perception held by the consumer concerning quality; Reliability, reliability in Product and service design refers to the probability of a product failing within a specified period of time. Many customers have come to show preferences to products with high reliability as compared to the products with low reliability and this particular phenomenon is always exhibited to products and services of high value; Durability, durability in this case is used to indicate the operational life of a product whereby some particular products are prone to complete failure after some period of time and hence have to be replaced fully while others may experience partial failure and therefore restored to their original performance through repairs (Khanna, 2007); Serviceability, serviceability is an indicator that shows the easiness with which a product can be repaired upon experiencing failure and from this if a product has the ability to be repaired easily and speedily, the availability of the product improves while at the same time leading to reduction in repair costs. On the other hand, the dimensions of quality for a service are somehow different from those of a product whereby the service quality is evaluated with regard to time taken to make the service available and also the manner in which there is the interaction between the service provider and the customer. In this case therefore, the dimensions of service quality will largely include: Timeliness, which is the assurance that the service will be available at the appropriate and desired time; Completeness, which generally indicated the degree to which the customer is provided with almost everything he or she asks for; Courtesy, which largely measures how customers are treated by the service employees; Consistency, whereby it becomes necessary to provide the same level of service to each customer each time; Accessibility and convenience – this particular aspect refers to the ease with which a service can be made available; and lastly Accuracy, which is the correctness with which the service is able to be provided (Khanna, 2007). The role of quality in product and service design The key to success in business lies in establishing what the consumers need and, in cost effective way, providing the products and services that give satisfaction and happiness to them (Jackson and Frigon, 1998, p.20). Products and services usually get description basing on attributes with regards to performance but at the same time, customers will frequently review the quality of a product or service in terms of their reaction to their experience with the particular product or service. From this, it becomes vital for the business to participate in a thorough evaluation of presales, sales, delivery operation and post sales with the view of defining the appropriate product or service (Jackson and Frigon 1998, p.20). Moreover, data collected concerning the products and services provided a particular business which lar gely reflects the customer and the marketplace operation is refereed to us, the Voice of the Customer (VOC). Today, businesses are pressure to ‘listen’ to the Voice of the Customer which enables the particular business to learn the attributes of the entire customer experience in accordance to the products or services consumed by the customer. From these data, the business is able to determine what needs to be done in order to achieve customer satisfaction and essentially in most instances customer satisfaction is achieved through combining elements of performance, schedule and price (Quality, Schedule and Cost).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Quality in Product and Service design specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The attributes that add to customer satisfaction are always categorized into four types; expectors, spoken, unspoken and exciters (Jackson and Frigon 1998, p.21). Expectors are attributes w hich customers regard less important but if they are omitted they result into customer dissatisfaction, spoken characteristics are the ones the customer species and always appear in written descriptions expressing quality elements that the customer would prefer, on the other hand the unspoken characteristics have same importance as the spoken characteristics but largely constitute those elements that the customer forgot about, did not know about or did not want to talk about, the last type of characteristics are those that excite customers and customers rarely talk about them and also rarely thing about them but will be talked possibly in vague terms by the customer and they will largely be satisfiers and not dissatisfiers (Jackson and Frigon 1998, p.21). Role of quality in product design is essential in that it should reflect on the specific customer needs (Evans 2007, p.123). Customer expectations need to be identified correctly with no misinterpretation for the final product to b e regarded as of high quality (Evans 2007, p.123). The importance of systematic processes to design has been attached to product improvements and also the processes that establish them. Customer needs should be identified and used for the purposes of product planning. For majority of firms’ product design has been regarded as a key value creation process and therefore there is need for firms to have efficient processes that can be used to translate customer needs into product requirements through the processes of selecting key process performance elements considering customer needs, addressing quality needs early in the process of design, coordinating and integrating designs with production and delivery systems. Techniques used to measure quality ISO 9000 Standard provided a comprehensive definition of quality by stating that quality is essentially concerned by the customers’ needs and the ability to satisfy them in the most efficient ways (Mishra 2009, p.237; Webber a nd Wallace 2007). Customers are regarded to have the capability to evaluate whether a product meets the specifications that have been outlined and from this, quality is concerning with fulfilling the needs of the customer. In most cases there has been the existence of two main principal approaches that have been utilized with aim of ensuring that products and services fulfill the needs of the customer (Mishra 2009, p.237). The approaches generally used are, quality control and quality assurance. Quality control constitutes techniques that are employed in identifying products that falls short of the required specification (Mishra 2009, p.237).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The technique usually carry out inspections after the production of the product has been done and at the same time, the technique can result in very high costs as huge resources would have been used to bring about the products that do not meet the required specifications. In eliminating or reducing on the high costs of the quality control technique, a second approach in measuring quality is adopted. The technique is known as quality assurance whereby the technique pays attention to the processes that give rise to the product and not on the product itself (Mishra 2009). The interest on the processes that give rise to the product ensures that only products and services that fulfill customer needs are created and the approach aims to get rid of the underlying weaknesses in the process that may lead to defective products and services. These descriptions give the picture of quality assurance as largely interested in prevention and not remedial actions especially after the defects have oc curred (Mishra 2009). In achieving the goals of quality assurance, it is necessary that the needs of the customer are adequately understood and an effective and reliable quality system designed. Integrating Quality Function Deployment approach (QFD) Quality Function Deployment (QFD) provides a method for listening to the Voice of the Customer and providing adequate answers to it. QFD aims at maximizing customer satisfaction and eliminating dissatisfaction (Bolt and Mazur 1999). The methodology has been accepted by many countries in developing products and services by enhancing ability to give answers to the Voice of the Customer and in cost effective way, providing the desired products and services on time, every time. Major firms have reported that using QFD has enabled them to put reduction to the product development cycle time by almost 75 per cent while at the same time realizing positive improvement in customer satisfaction (Jackson and Frigon 1998, p.33). Hence, using QFD has become advantageous for firms especially for competitive reasons, profit realization and growth of wealth; furthermore, QFD has graduated as a method for listening to customers, thereby optimizing design, materials and processes with aim of ensuring customers expectations are fully satisfied and quality becomes to be evaluated on the basis of the customer’s satisfaction with a particular product or service. To this end implementing QFD will requires resources of the Voice of the Customer in all functional areas of research and development, engineering, sales and marketing, purchasing, quality operations, manufacturing, packaging and after-market support and this sequence ensures the specific firm operates collaboratively in support of designing, developing, producing and servicing its products and services. Conclusion The modern world of doing business is becoming challenging in terms of competition while customers, who are consumers of most products and services, are becomin g more educated and informed. Customers are having unchallenged desire to have the best possible ‘bargain’ for the money and time they invest in obtaining particular products and services. These desires and other vital factors have exerted pressure on firms to adopt effective approaches that are intended to ensure quality management for their products and services. In addition, firms are vigorously participating in producing products and services that are of good quality that provide satisfaction to the consumers. Moreover, consumers’ preferences therefore are going to dictate the quality standards of most firms in terms of producing the required products and services and hence for the firms to remain competitive and realize growth, they need to embrace efficient and effective quality management techniques and approaches in their product and service design. Reference List Bolt, A. and Mazur, G. H., 1999. Integrating Service and Product Quality Function Deployment . University of Michigan. Web. Available from: http://www.mazur.net/works/jurassic_qfd.pdf . Chitale, A. K. and Gupta, R. C., 2007. Product Design and Manufacturing. New Delhi, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=CFlyglsIINYCpg=PA332dq=Quality+in+Product+and+Service+designhl=enei=95NfTICdNYjz4gamy4TXBwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CCsQ6AEwADgK#v=onepageq=Quality%20in%20Product%20and%20Service%20designf=false . Dhillon, B. S., 2005. Reliability, quality, and safety for engineers. NY, Taylor Francis. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=vUI_B-zdSXMCpg=PA123dq=importance+of+quality+in+product+and+service+designhl=enei=u7lfTO2RHIP44AbK8oneBwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=6ved=0CE8Q6AEwBQ#v=onepageq=importance%20of%20quality%20in%20product%20and%20service%20designf=false . Evans, J. R., 207. Quality and Performance Excellence: Management, Organization, and Strategy. Cengage Learning. Web. Available from: https://bo oks.google.com/books?id=cp0k20nfMBcCpg=PA124dq=importance+of+quality+in+product+and+service+designhl=enei=_LpfTK-KFcqq4AaS-Z33Bwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3ved=0CDcQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepageq=importance%20of%20quality%20in%20product%20and%20service%20designf=false . Jackson, H. K. and Frigon, N. L., 1998. Fulfilling customer needs: a practical guide to capacity management. NY, John Wiley and Sons. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=uZt9jdGOKuYCpg=PA27dq=role+of+quality+in+product+and+service+designhl=enei=M7BfTNBC4pXiBrHe1KgHsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=5ved=0CEcQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepageqf=false . Khanna. 2007. Production and Operations Management. New Delhi, HI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=GgxdXnfKhHgCpg=PA66dq=Quality+in+Product+and+Service+designhl=enei=95NfTICdNYjz4gamy4TXBwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=7ved=0CFEQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepageq=Quality%20in%20Product%20and%20Service%20designf=false . Mishra, D. K., 2009. Op eration management: Critical Perspectives on Business. New Delhi, Global India Publications. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=Gp6jDnUb7gICpg=PA237dq=quality+control+techniques+used+to+meet+customer+needshl=enei=Fr9fTKjvJsWA4QbFx_DRBwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=9ved=0CF8Q6AEwCA#v=onepageq=quality%20control%20techniques%20used%20to%20meet%20customer%20needsf=false . Mital, A. et al. 2008. Product development: a structured approach to consumer product development, design, and manufacture. MA, Butterworth-Heinemann. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=AE1kFh_sdVACpg=PA72dq=importance+of+quality+in+product+and+service+designhl=enei=4qxfTJ__LsT44gbixMXRBwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4ved=0CD8Q6AEwAw#v=onepageq=importance%20of%20quality%20in%20product%20and%20service%20designf=false . Sower, V. E., 2010. Essentials of Quality with Cases and Experiential Exercise. NJ, John Wiley and Sons. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books ?id=l-vc5QAbP8UCpg=PA53dq=Quality+in+Product+and+Service+designhl=enei=ppFfTJD8BoL34Ab1yNj4Bwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=2ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageq=Quality%20in%20Product%20and%20Service%20designf=false . Webber, L. and Wallace, M., 2007. Quality Control for Dummies. NJ, Wiley Publishing Inc. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=9BWkxto2fcECprintsec=frontcoverdq=what+is+quality+controlhl=enei=Y8NfTKjUHpPc4ga_orWmBwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=5ved=0CEQQ6AEwBA#v=onepageqf=true . 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terrorist attacks essays

terrorist attacks essays Recently the U.S. has been under attack by foreign terrorists. The Terrorists sieged four American planes by force with the use of box cutters and knifes. After taking over the airplanes they dive-bombed the Pentagon and the U.S. trade center. The U.S. has been unsure what actions to take upon the leader, who they believe to be in charge of the whole plan to attack the U.S. It is hard to make a decision because the U.S. doesnt really know where to find this guy. So far they know he is in Pakistan. They believe he lives underground and in caves, which makes it hard to locate him. Now I am not an U.S. but I will give my opinion and my views. I am happy to see the way that the U.S. is handling this tragedy. Many people are volunteering to help find survivors. Many of the volunteers are citizens of the race that is believed to be attacking us. I also happy that citizens that are not that race arent beating on those people and starting riots. The people on the hijacked planes are pitiful because if there is at least ten passengers on them planes those terrorists shouldnt have taken over those aircraft. It was just to many people on that and to few with knifes to take over those planes. Also why didnt the U.S. react to four planes heading to the West Coast that suddenly turned around? I believe it should have been noticed and taken care of. Now it is time to take action. This what the money that goes too military is used for. I believe we have an ample amount of weapons and resources to deal with this problem. Many people I have talked with feel the same way. It is time for the U.S. to take action. People of the U.S. dont enjoy being laughed at by little Palestinian kids. We should be able to find that murderer and deal with him. Everybody doesnt agree with my views but the majority seems to. ...

Capital Structure of Public Limited Companies Dissertation

Capital Structure of Public Limited Companies - Dissertation Example Table of Content Chapter 1: Introduction 5 Motivation 5 Aims and Objectives 5 Significance of the study 6 Research Questions 7 Research method and data 8 Research Structure 8 Chapter 2: Literature review 9 Global Financial Market 9 History 9 Evaluation of UK capital market 12 Causes of current financial crisis 13 Capital market 15 Source of finance 15 Current capital structure of FTSE 100 companies 16 Advantages and disadvantages of high leverage 19 Theories of capital market structure 20 Chapter 3: Methodology and data analysis 26 36 Chapter 4: Research Findings 36 Impact of Capital Structure on Agency Costs 36 Impact of recent global financial crisis on the capital structure of UK companies 37 Chapter 5: Conclusion 39 Reference 42 Bibliography 47 Financial times. European debt crisis shakes markets again. May 23, 2011. Retrieved from: http://www.kyivpost.com/content/business/european-debt-crisis-shakes-markets-again-105100.html 48 Chapter 1: Introduction Motivation Capital structur e of firms is developed based on many internal and external factors which have substantial influence on it. Financial Crisis or Liquidity Crisis in 2007 in global financial market has had a major impact on the firms’ financial status across the world. ... Financial crisis leads to dr4amatiacally decrease in stock price of the firms. So, equity structure of the firms also changed during this recession period. Capital structure is the major part of overall financial structure and policies of firms. Companies develop financial structure and policies based on major external financial condition of the market where they operate business. Though there is many empirical studies and research on capital structures but it hard to assess the impact of financial crisis on it. Therefore, it this study, capital structure theories and empirical studies are analysed to assess the extent of impact of financial crisis on capital structure and reason for the impact. Aims and Objectives The primary aim of the study is to evaluate the capital structure of firms in the UK before the global economic crisis in the years around 2007 and after the financial crisis in the years 2011 or 2012. In order to achieve the above mentioned aim of the study, the following objectives have been considered: Review theories on capital structure in order to determine how it might change during a period of prolonged recession and liquidity crisis. Compare and contrast the capital structure of public UK companies in 2007 and in 2011/2012.Evaluate the extent to which any changes in capital structure are due to the ongoing global crisis. Aim of this paper is a detailed evaluation of the capital structure of firms in United Kingdom. Capital structure of the firms in before financial crisis will be compared with current revised capital structures of the firms. For this purpose, reasons for financial crisis need to be analysed along with history of it to assess its impact in earlier. Theoretically aim of the paper is to

Palliative Care of Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Palliative Care of Nursing - Essay Example In its advanced stages, most patients need extensive care which includes palliative care in permanent or out-patient hospice nursing ("Cancer: Prognosis", n.d.). The Coordinating Committee (Hospice) of Hospital Authority (HA) Hong Kong SAR Government defines hospice or palliative care as "the care of the patients and their families with active progressive advanced disease and a limited prognosis for whom the focus of care is the quality of life" (Liu, 2005, p.183). Palliative care started in Hong Kong in 1982. At the beginning, it was a "consultative team" in a general hospital. In 1986, a second palliative care team was established who worked primarily with those who had incurable lung malignancy. Diagnosis of the disease was not necessary in order to get a referral. The team gave pain and symptom management as well as practical, emotional and spiritual support to the patient and their family. Due to lack of public knowledge, patients had unrealistic expectations thinking that palliative care can cure the disease and prolong ones life. It was not until 1985 when a demarcation between cure and palliative care was made with the help of the So ciety for the Promotion of Hospice Care. Their goals were aimed at public education, fund raising, and the establishment of an independent hospice in Hong Kong which will serve as a discernible symbol for the public (Sham, 2003, p.65). It was through their efforts that the Hong Kong community came to know and understand the scope of palliative care. In an article by Hon Joseph Lee in his interview with Dr. York Chow on hospice care services, it was written: At present, there are 10 palliative care centers and six oncology centers [in Hong Kong] under HA [Hospital Authority] to provide palliative/hospice care, which includes in-patient service, out-patient service, hospice/palliative day care service, home care service and bereavement counseling (December, 2008). Patients who admit themselves in hospice are almost always dying. Different cultures have different perceptions of death. In Hong Kong, "death is seen as a curse" (Chow and C. Chan, 2005, p.2). It is believed that the very thought of death will bring bad luck and the very mention of death will invite evil spirits in or speed up the process. The Chinese concept of death is deep-rooted and is influenced by the Folk and Taoist beliefs that "the dead have to be judged in hell and punished according to the sins that they have committed in life" (C. Chan, 1999, p.213). Chan (1999) cited examples that illustrate the Folk and Taoist teachings on children: Children are told if they steal when alive, when they die their hands will be cut off as a punishment. If people do not treat their family well, they will be eaten by hungry dogs. If someone kills, he or she will be burnt in eternal fire (p.213). Because of this grotesque and mind boggling picture, they do not talk about death nor do they prepare for it. This leaves them ill-equipped and often times carrying heavy emotional baggage to their grave. Chinese people in Hong Kong have a traditional attitude that contributes to the disinclination to intervene when a person is dying. It is believed t

Tuition increase Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Tuition increase - Article Example Costs have been escalating due to the fact that colleges must overcome the colleges had to compensate for the reductions that were made in per-student basis. In addition, public universities spending have been climbing since inflation has taken off. Moreover, the income ambiguities that exist between poor and rich colleges have undoubtedly been prevalent. Increase in spending for public colleges continued to be driven due to higher administration and maintenance costs. Clearly, the gap between the rich and the poor schools continues to be an added burden for the student community. One of the main reasons that Duke University costs about $51,000 a year is that the elite schools continue to bid for the excelled faculty and other resources â€Å"Since public schools tend to serve many low-income students and minority students who need more remedial classes and extra counseling services than better-prepared students who attend elite private universities, says F. King Alexander, presiden t of California State University at Long Beach. The lack of state and federal funds have pushed public schools to also raise their costs, which is a high unconcern for students who are already in a tight financial situation. Yet, the hope remains- that the recessive economy pulls itself through for the better and stops the inflation from concurring more debt than needed. "The Surprising Causes of Those College Tuition Hikes - US News and World Report."  US News & World Report | News & Rankings | Best Colleges, Best Hospitals, and more. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Oct. 2011.

Marketing Analysis: Kellogg Cornflakes

Marketing Analysis: Kellogg Cornflakes Kelloggs has persisted in the market as a strong brand in the FMCG industry. Its cereal flakes is a line of product that has been accepted worldwide as one of the most convenient ready to eat meal for breakfast. Over the years people in most countries has consumed more of Kelloggs products than any of its competitors. Annual report of the company shows in late 1980s the company had reached all time peak, gaining a staggering 40 percent in the US ready to eat market and thereby prompting a yearly sales of US $6 billion. In 1990s since the industry in the core markets of U.S and U.K started to face stiff competition with lots of players entering, Kelloggs made a decision to migrate into the Indian market. The market potential was huge since it was a population of 950 millions, out of which 250 million were middle class and was a completely untapped market. In 1994 Kelloggs entered the Indian Market by investing US$ 65 million into launching its flagship product Corn Flakes. However the Indian Consumers found it hard to merge the concept of Corn Flakes with their lifestyle. The most prevalent practice was boiled vegetables and hence the concept of ready to eat failed in India. Even though the first year sales were encouraging, the sales started falling from the second year. It was becoming apparent that people mainly purchased it as a onetime novelty purchase. This study reflects the possible ways in which the brand can be sustained as a successful one in the Indian market. Devising a Marketing plan using the SOSTAC Model: Situational Analysis using SWOT: Strength: High Global Market Share: Kelloggs has 65% global market share according to the audit of March 2010 conducted by KPMG, in the ready-to-eat cereal products and it is also the leading producer in this category. Strong Brand: As a brand the worth of Kelloggs is 13 billion USD at the present time, and even in the period of strong economic crisis it is regarded as one of the profitable brands in US and the European Countries. Some of the brands under Kelloggs are widely accepted. Nutri-gain, Pop-tarts, Kebbler and Ego are just to name a few of them. Large Product Line: In terms of the depth and width of the product mix, Kelloggs has got a wide variety of packaged cereal flakes. It has also stated producing products in assorted categories other than cereal flakes such as choco flakes for children, and also categories such as vegan, certified halal meat, low sodium content and gluten free flakes. Kelloggs also has a healthy food category. Continuous Research to reduce cost: Kelloggs invests a substantial amount on Research and development in order to reduce cost. They have also set up their manufacturing plants in South East Asian countries in order to produce at the expense of cheaper labour and to reduce cost on logistics. Weakness: High Price: A package of 475 grams of Kelloggs corn flakes cost 130 INR which is considered to be pretty high from the Indian perspective. Most housewives who are potential shoppers do opine that this pack lasts for a maximum of 3 usages. This is not regarded as economical from the Indian perspective. Unsuitable for Indian Lifestyle: The general Indian practice was of using warm milk, which was very contradictory to the American concept of using cold milk. Due to the usage of warm milk, the flakes became soggy. Declining Sales: Asia represents only 2% of the Kelloggs worldwide sales. Since its inception in 1994, the countrywide sales have dropped by 25%. Bad relation with Supermarkets: To be in tandem with its pricing Kelloggs should establish itself to sell more through the Supermarkets. However Kelloggs recently had to suffer a lot due to its bad relationship with Supermarkets. For instance Kelloggs products were moved from the shelves of Food Bazaar since it was giving the retailer a much lesser margin than Tasty Treat which is its private label. Opportunity: Globalisation: Due to the effect of globalisation, Indians are now more exposed to the International Cultures. The youth in India now tries to imitate a lot of the lifestyles prevalent in U.K and U.S.A. Increasing level of Disposable Income: Being a growing economy, the income level is rising, hence if Kelloggs can switch over from being a premium pricing brand to a slightly competitive pricing brand, it would be able to extract the money from Indians. Advent of Television Advertising: Due to a continuous improvement in the quality of television advertising, advertisement campaigns are creating awareness and interest towards a brand at a faster. A brand like Kelloggs Choco can be very popular in this way. Threats: Private Label Brands: With supermarkets such as Food Bazaar, Spencer, More, etc gaining more margins on private label brands, it is becoming difficult for Kelloggs to maintain its shelf space in super markets. Local Competitors: Some local and regional competitors such as Crunchy Oats are becoming stronger players due to their low pricing strategies. The Environmental Analysis Using Porters 5 Forces: C:UsersstephenDesktopimages.jpg Degree of Rivalry: (High) Face a stiff competition in Indian market from Local and Regional players such as Crunchy Oats and private label brands such as Tasty Treat. Even global players such as Nestle are giving them tough competition in products within the kids segment. An oligopolistic competition structure exists within the industry. Switching cost is negligible, and most consumers regard switching to be profitable since they get better quality product at a lesser price. Growth is stagnant for the last five years whereas the Industry is expanding. Bargaining Power of Buyers: (High) Supermarkets are continuously forcing to reduce price of products to obtain higher margins, hence consumers are more inclined towards private label brands. Switching cost is again negligible. In certain semi urban and developing areas of the country, people still find it difficult to associate with the concept of consuming cereal flakes in cold milk. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: (Low) The company has a central manufacturing unit in the country and about 20 other units across the world. Raw materials are sourced from the local market. Hence the supplier bargaining power is low. Threat of Substitutes: (High) Other ready to eat and packaged food products are more popular among Indian consumers such as Maggie Noodles. Maggie noodles are more preferred since they are served hot. There is no switching cost involved. Threat of New Entrants: (High) It is difficult for competitors to develop new products in this category since they would require investment and time to develop. Distribution is a major concern. High slotting promotional fees, limited shelf space, and the need to create retail demand are additions to the manufacturing cost. Capital costs are very high since setting up production facilities and distribution chain takes into account a high upfront investment. Objective Setting at different strategic levels: Corporate Strategy: To increase profitability by 23% worldwide by 2011 Business level Strategy: To gain 50% market share countrywide in India by 2011. Marketing Strategy: To become the breakfast meal of 70% of the urban Indian Household by 2011. Developing Strategies: Creating a Growth Strategy using the Ansoffs Matrix: C:Documents and SettingssoumyadeepMy DocumentsMy Picturesuntitled.bmp Kelloggs operates in a country wherein it is an existing brand for the last five years. All products in the product line are known to consumers and a market for such products has also developed. Hence the strategy that Kelloggs should undertake in order to increase its sales is Market Penetration. Kelloggs being an established brand would not have a problem in penetrating the market and increasing its share. The risk factor would also be considerably low. In order to penetrate Kelloggs has to look at two things: Creating a different position for the brand through a better communication and in turn developing a new improved value proposition. Kelloggs must make utilization of cost reduction in order to gain price leadership in the market. Once the product appeals to consumers they will purchase it readily due to the low price. If the company can sell a higher volume at a lesser margin, then they can combat competition successfully. Creating a competitive strategy using Porters Generic Strategies: Kelloggs being an FMCG product has to have an Industry wide strategic scope. However according to the research Kelloggs should practice a combination of Differentiation and Overall Cost leadership. Kelloggs as a brand has a large portfolio of products and each product have its own uniqueness. Hence they should continue to leverage on the differentiation aspect. However a major challenge that Kelloggs faces is its premium pricing, on gaining a cost leadership, it can implement a competitive pricing. This will make the brand more attractive. Tactics employed in order to achieve strategic objectives: Product: Pack Size: Since most of the products within the product mix are widely accepted across the globe, Kelloggs should not change the range of cereal flakes that it has. However in order to increase the frequency of purchase, Kelloggs can reduce the minimum pack size from 475g to 250 g so that it becomes more popular amongst young individuals who live a fast life and stay single. For such group of target customers the basket size of purchase is much small. Hence smaller size packs will attract them to a greater extent. Apart from this value packs must be issued initially to pick up sales. These are packs of 500 g at the price of 475g packs. Packaging: Most of Kelloggs packs do not have the nutritive benefits engraved on them (except for Special K). They only contain a small label showing the nutritional ingredients. Over the recent years the urban Indian population has become more diet conscious. Hence it would be advantageous to engrave the nutritive benefits on them. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/photo.cms?msid=3190216 Present packaging new packaging Price: Kelloggs flakes are priced higher than competitors. Prices of three most manufactured Indian Brands are higher than most competitors. 475g of Kelloggs Corn Flakes costs Rs 130, whereas its closest competitor delivers 500g at Rs 109. Kelloggs thus should reduce the price. In the recent company audit report from KPMG it has been found that the most highly purchased product, the Kelloggs choco is priced at Rs 125 for a 375g pack, thus making it difficult for a middle class Indian household to avail it. Kelloggs should promote more of this product by reducing the price. Also in order to obtain better penetration in the market Kelloggs should try and sell more through Supermarkets rather than corner grocery shops. Hence Kelloggs should supply more volume at lesser margin to supermarkets and hypermarkets. Place: Internet: One of the medium through which urban customers are purchasing more of their FMCG products is the internet. The advent of online retailing, Kelloggs must try and sell more through online medium. Especially for institutional sales such as to hospitals and school or college hostels, where purchases are made in bulk, Kelloggs should encourage online sale of products. This will help them in reducing the time to deliver their products faster and help them to sell higher units. Also, the negotiation terms with supermarkets, hypermarkets and convenient stores should be laid in a way such that Kelloggs cereal flakes occupies maximum shelf space in its particular product category. The main objective should be to gain maximum shelf space rather than trying to earn more margins per unit. Promotion: The most important element in the marketing mix of Kelloggs is the promotions. When Kelloggs entered India about fifteen years ago, they lacked research of the behaviour of the Indian consumers. They took no notice of the fact that Indians disliked the concept of consuming cold milk, and the flakes became soggy in warm milk. Hence in order to promote the practice of the consuming normal or cold milk Kelloggs should use the television advertising media effectively. This would create a separate value proposition for the brand. For example time can be used as a parameter to create urgency for the brand. A television advertisement showing this concept will create response among customers. Idea- Showing a household wherein every member is rushing for his or her work or school. In such a short time boiling milk and consuming flakes is a lengthy process. Hence normal milk is used and it even tastes nice. The new mission statement of the brand could be Kelloggs: Your Fast BreakFastà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The other forms of communication channels should be advertising hoardings, posters in super markets and magazines such as Graphiti. In order to promote kids products such as Kelloggs Choco the company can organize event promotions through various retailers and also through sponsorship of kids activities and competitions at schools. Sales promotion would also be done throughout the year through the distribution of freebies. Freebies such as a bowl can be given with a pack of 475g of Kelloggs Corn Flakes. This would be of utility in the consumption process and would in-turn increase sales. Process: Distribution is the pivotal processes that should be taken care of in achieving the objectives After the manufacturing process, the distribution chain should be controlled from different centers. There should be four regional distribution centers (RDC) at the four different zones- Delhi (North), Calcutta (East), Mumbai (West) and Bangalore (South). Each distribution center should supply in its particular zone and each distribution center should use the hub and spoke model. All four distribution centers should be interconnected to each other. The distribution model is as follows: Actions followed to achieve the tactics: The head office of Kelloggs is situated in Mumbai. All plan of action should be coordinated from the Mumbai head office and the decisions should effectively pass on across the distribution centers up to the store level where the product gets handed over to the end consumer. Usage of 2009 Financial Statements (Historical method): The budget is planned based upon an analysis of the income statement of 2009. In the fiscal year 2009 as per the annual reports of the company the net income $1,212 million. The net cash flow in the last quarter has been $1230 million and also as per the last quarter the liquid cash reserves of the company is $527 millions. Hence Kelloggs Corporation can invest a high amount in the development of the Indian market in order to bring it to a growth. The total budget allocated towards marketing activities of the Indian market is. The allocated amount is divided into five discrete divisions to carry out activities. These divisions are packaging, sponsorship, advertisement, sales promotion, event promotion and value packs. To map the budget according to the activities of the organisation a GNATT action chart is used. Activity Time Staff Amount Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Packaging 1 Sponsorship 2 Advertisement 3 Sales Promotion 4 Event Promotion 5 Value Packs 6 Gaining Control over the plan: Control can be gained over the process by using two different approaches: Periodic control: A periodic control can be exercised over the plan by performing Marketing Audits from time to time. The company must not rely only on external auditors such as KPMG, they should also gain control through internal audits performed by auditors within the company. Through marketing audits performance gaps should be identified. The extent to which the results vary from the desired targets should be noted and corrective measures should be taken accordingly. Continuous Control: A continuous control should be introduced by maintenance of a Balanced Scorecard customized specifically for stakeholders perspective of Kelloggs.

Airport Security and the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) E

Abstract Through the history of aviation the importance of airport security has steadily increased. Since the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001, many changes have taken place at airports to prevent such an attack from occurring again. The purpose of this paper is to: outline airport security procedures, discuss the different technologies involved with airport security, as well as examine the components of airport security. In addition I will also discuss the Transportation Security Administration’s role in our nation’s airport security. Airport Security   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Airport Security is a necessity of Life both in America and through out the world. Without airport security our airports would not be able to function and terrorist attacks resembling those of September 11th, 2001, would be more common place. Passengers would be afraid to fly in fear of such a terrorist attack happening again. The airline industry would lose more revenue from lost ticket sales. Then the airports themselves would lose money from the lack of passengers boarding through their gates. Finally this lack of security would trickle down to the entire economy not only in the communities surrounding the airport and aviation industry, but to the nation’s economy as well. To keep this economic failure associated with another terrorist attack from happening, our nation must take the appropriate measures to prevent it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Airport security procedures are designed to deter, prevent, and respond to criminal acts that may affect safety and security of the traveling public† Wells and Young (2004, p. 280). In order for this to happen, airports must become more proactive instead of reactive to possible threats such as: hijacking, explosive devices on aircraft or any other possible criminal act that could happen aboard an aircraft. To accomplish President George W. Bush signed into effect the Aviation and Transportation security Act, on November 19th, 2001. This act was a result of the September 11th, 2001, terrorist attacks, and from this act the Transportation Security Administration was formed. Transportation Security Information   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The purpose of the TSA is to protect all of the nation’s transportation systems to ensure freedom of movement for people and commerce. Commercial aviation has been a long-standing target for terrorists. Since the tragic attacks of September 11, 2001, subst... ...om key entry to combination locks, to advanced identification authentication machines. Security lighting may also be used to aid in perimeter security. It is located and around heavy traffic areas, aircraft service areas, as well as other operations and maintenance areas. Patrolling by airport security and staff as well as local law enforcement agencies may also be used to secure the perimeter around an airport.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This paper has covered the many different aspects of airport security. It is important to keep in mind that procedures, regulations, and technology associated with airport security are in a state of constant change. However, it is through these changes that our nation’s airports will show a steady improvement towards the safety and security of the passengers that visit them. References Transportation Security Administration. (2004, February 20). Capps II at a glance. Retrieved from Transportation Security Administration Web Site: http://www.tsa.gov/public/display?theme=5&content0900051980088d91 Wells, A. T., & Young, S. B. (2004). Airport Security ch. 8. In L. Hagar (Ed.), Airport Planning and Management (5 ed., pp. 279-307). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Peter Singer: The Golden Rule

World poverty is arguably at the forefront of issues plaguing our society as a whole today. I found an article displaying some of Peter Singers thought experiments that will further help display his beliefs. In his essay The Singer Solution to World Poverty, world-renowned author and philosopher Singer claims he has the solution. Singer asserts that materialism is the roadblock preventing the third world's climb from despair into prosperity.The author begins his essay by detailing two thought experiments; the first recounts a Brazilian film, â€Å"Central Station,† in which the main harasser, Dora, unknowingly causes a young boy to be sold into the organ trade. After some debates as to Odor's real motives, as well as further contemplation, Dora decides to rescue the boy (Singer).Singer applauds Odor's actions and notes that had Dora decided the boys fate was not her responsibility and kept the money she gained as a result of her part, the movie's audience would have demonic he r; conversely she maintains a positive light in the eyes of those watching the movie only by rescuing the boy. Singer further notes however, that most of those able to go see a movie, are in a better place than Dora herself, explaining how what she gave up to save the boy was of greater value than the audience could relate to (Singer).Singer then raises an ethical question: What is the difference between Dora selling the child into the organ trade, and the average American who chooses not to donate money to organizations that could benefit a child in similar situation of need? Singer acknowledges the situational differences of physically putting a child in that situation compared to mere inaction, yet, pointing out that he is a utilitarian philosopher; he claims the end results are the name (Singer). Singer's next thought experiment details a character named Bob who is close to retirement and owns a very valuable classic car.To sum things up Bob finds himself in a situation where a child is dangerously trapped on a train track. Bob is the only one around and the only way he can save the child is by diverting the train down a separate track, resulting in the destruction of the car. In the story, Bob chooses not to divert the coming train, the child is killed, and bob proceeds on in his life with the car, which brings him years of enjoyment and financial security (Singer). Singer argues that Bob's actions are clearly morally incorrect, and claims most would agree.However, Singer states that most readers who would quickly condemn Bob's actions are not much different. Singer cites calculations saying the $200 in donations, after all the deductions made by organizations and politics, would essentially save the life of an imperiled toddler in a third world country, or at least give them a significant chance at reaching adulthood (Singer). Singer next argues those who have money to spare and do not donate it, are effectively as morally wrong as Bob, who watched a hil l brutally die (Singer).Singer goes on to detail how much of the western world has massive wealth surpluses. He again cites research claiming the average American household spends close to forty percent, or twenty thousand dollars annually on superfluous spending. Singer marvels at how many children that small amount of money could save, and continues to detail that while a household income an increase, it's necessary spending proportionately does not, freeing up even more unneeded income. Through this logic Singer claims a household making $100,000 annually, could donate nearly $70,000.Singer wraps his argument up with a simple equation; all money being spent on luxuries and anything other than a necessity, should be given away. Furthermore, all money being spent on luxuries is indirectly resulting in the deaths of innocent youth, and those doing the spending, are morally responsible for avoidable deaths of impoverished children. Singer aims to demonstrate, that while Bob likely th ought he was quite unlucky to be put in such a situation, in fact he was not, and all of us with additional income are in the same boat.Clearly, Singer hopes to open the eyes of richer nations and invoke a sense of accessibility towards making their extraneous means count toward the world's well being, and arguably he does so. With the demonstrations of the detailed stories I explained earlier, Singer indeed executed his beliefs fairly well. Anyone with a conscious and decent moral compass can admit the life of another human being is worth saving, many would agree it would not hurt to give up western luxuries to do so.Singer makes it easy to see how the wealth of the western world could ago long way in restoring health and prosperity into some areas of the world which are very much in need. On the surface Singers conclusion: we ought to give a country in famine aid seems like it would work great. In the long run, Singer's plan will not be successful. Let's break down the logical com ponent of Singers argument. First off, Singer relies almost entirely on his consequentiality ethics this has some telling drawbacks.While the worldwide effect of such thinking is usually positive, since such ethics rely on cost/ benefit analysis, the hard conclusions are rarely so simple. A reoccurring problem with such thinking is the secondary, and tertiary effects are not usually factored in. Once we apply that critical template to Singer's thinking, some momentous issues emerge, namely, economics. If we as Americans were to take all our extraneous income, and simply donate it to countries in need, what would the end result be?The economic ramifications would gigantic, and while this may seem extreme, we could wind up in a simple role reversal, quickly finding ourselves in need. Again, this is extreme, but it effectively demonstrates the results. Our economy relies on extraneous spending, it is the only way it can sustain itself. Simply put there is no re- deeding effect from don ations, no recirculation of wealth, no more money to receive, and thus unnecessarily spend again. As a result, the supplemental income Singer refers to would quickly disappear.From a more cynical perspective, let's critique Singer's utilitarian views on a scarier level. A more chilling result from Singer's solution is population increase. As ‘immoral' as it may be, all of the children who do not live past there earlier years help keep the problem at bay. In reality if we were to embrace singer's solution, a quick result would be thousands of young impoverished children surviving into adulthood. A lightly slower result would be all of those impoverished children growing up, and raising impoverished families, effectively multiplying the problem.While as I said, this is cynical, it is also utilitarian. What is good for those impoverished children, is not necessarily good for society, and throwing all our extra income at them, isn't going to magically cure their situation. In actu ality though, my best argument for Singer's solution is a simple one. Think about it, how many impoverished children are in the age bracket (toddlers) that Singer refers to? One million? 100 million? At $200 per child, that large overestimation moms out to twenty billion dollars. Initially such statistics support Singers argument.The United States alone has a gross economy in the trillions, so shaving a little off the top should go a long way to help right? In reality world poverty is not a new problem, and I can think of several wealthy westerners, who collectively could easily write a check for that. And arguably have gone a long way in their attempts to do so. This argument speaks for itself; money is not the answer. While it definitely is one of the means necessary to help solve this problem, it is not the chief factor in fixing this issue. These people need societal and political reform. 200 per child is not going to halt genocide in Africa, or change the fact that certain soci eties in South America simply are not conducive to public health. All this goes to illustrate how much Singer chooses to leave out of his solution. Singer makes a solid argument, with huge social and financial implications, yet it is not without holes. The author, being both a scholar and a philosopher, has a smooth writing style, and it shows. He invokes Just the right amount of inquiry, logic, and writes with such an authority that it becomes easy to to question both his statistics and the evidence he either omitted, or did not realize.Due to this, Singer's argument itself is markedly effective, making it is easy to feel compelled from the points he makes, and the illustrations he uses. He invokes strong feelings of guilt, and assigns a social liability for the welfare of those less fortunate, but his support is ultimately less than pragmatic. While Singer's intentions are pure, and to such a degree are worth of some merit, simple logically analysis of much of his deductively supp orted report shows his solution is impractical. This is not to say

Raul Castro Biography and Profile

Raul Castro Biography and Profile Raà ºl Castro (1931-) is the current President of Cuba and brother of Cuban Revolution leader Fidel Castro. Unlike his brother, Raà ºl is quiet and reserved and spent most of his life in his older brother’s shadow. Nevertheless, Raà ºl played a very important role in the Cuban Revolution as well as in the government of Cuba after the revolution was over. Early Years Raà ºl Modesto Castro Ruz was one of the  several illegitimate children born to sugar farmer Angel Castro and his maid, Lina Ruz Gonzlez. Young Raà ºl attended the same schools as his older brother but was neither as studious nor gregarious as Fidel. He was just as rebellious, however, and had a history of discipline problems. When Fidel became active in student groups as a leader, Raà ºl quietly joined a student communist group. He would always be as ardent a communist as his brother, if not more so. Raà ºl eventually became a leader himself of these student groups, organizing protests and demonstrations. Personal Life Raà ºl married his girlfriend and fellow revolutionary Vilma Espà ­n not long after the triumph of the revolution. They have four children. She passed away in 2007. Raà ºl leads an austere personal life, although there have been rumors that he may be an alcoholic. He is thought to despise homosexuals and reputedly influenced Fidel to jail them in the early years of their administration. Raà ºl has been consistently dogged by rumors that Angel Castro was not his real father. The most likely candidate, former rural guardsman Felipe Miraval, never denied nor confirmed the possibility. Moncada Like many socialists, Raà ºl was disgusted by the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista. When Fidel began planning a revolution, Raà ºl was included from the start. The first armed action of the rebels was the July 26, 1953, attack on the federal barracks at Moncada outside of Santiago. Raà ºl, barely 22 years old, was assigned to the team sent to occupy the Palace of Justice. His car got lost on the way there, so they arrived late, but did secure the building. When the operation fell apart, Raà ºl and his companions dropped their weapons, put on civilian clothes, and walked out onto the street. He was eventually arrested. Prison and Exile Raà ºl was convicted of his role in the uprising and sentenced to 13 years in prison. Like his brother and some of the other leaders of the Moncada assault, he was sent to the Isle of Pines prison. There, they formed the 26th of July Movement (named for the date of the Moncada assault) and began plotting how to continue the revolution. In 1955 President Batista, responding to international pressure to release political prisoners, freed the men who had planned and carried out the Moncada assault. Fidel and Raà ºl, fearing for their lives, quickly went into exile in Mexico. Return to Cuba During their time in exile, Raà ºl befriended Ernesto â€Å"Chà ©Ã¢â‚¬  Guevara, an Argentine doctor who was also a committed communist. Raà ºl introduced his new friend to his brother, and the two hit it right off. Raà ºl, by now a veteran of armed actions as well as prison, took an active role in the 26th of July Movement. Raà ºl, Fidel, Chà ©, and new recruit Camilo Cienfuegos were among the 82 people who crowded on board the 12-person yacht Granma in November 1956 along with food and weapons to return to Cuba and start the revolution. In the Sierra Miraculously, the battered Granma carried all 82 passengers the 1,500 miles to Cuba. The rebels were quickly discovered and attacked by the army, however, and less than 20 made it into the Sierra Maestra Mountains. The Castro brothers soon began waging a guerrilla war against Batista, collecting recruits and weapons when they could. In 1958 Raà ºl was promoted to Comandante and given a force of 65 men and sent to the north coast of Oriente Province. While there, he imprisoned about 50 Americans, hoping to use them to keep the United States from intervening on behalf of Batista. The hostages were quickly released. Triumph of the Revolution In the waning days of 1958, Fidel made his move, sending Cienfuegos and Guevara in command of most of the rebel army, against army installations and important cities. When Guevara decisively won the Battle of Santa Clara, Batista realized he could not win and fled the country on January 1, 1959. The rebels, including Raà ºl, rode triumphantly into Havana. Mopping Up After Batista In the immediate aftermath of the revolution, Raà ºl and Chà © were given the task of rooting out supporters of former dictator Batista. Raà ºl, who had already begun setting up an intelligence service, was the perfect man for the job: he was ruthless and totally loyal to his brother. Raà ºl and Chà © oversaw hundreds of trials, many of which resulted in executions. Most of those executed had served as policemen or army officers under Batista. Role in Government and Legacy As Fidel Castro transformed the revolution into government, he came to rely on Raà ºl more and more. In the 50 years after the revolution, Raà ºl served as head of the Communist Party, minister of defense, vice president of the Council of State, and many more important positions. He has generally been most identified with the military: he has been Cuba’s top-ranking military officer since soon after the Revolution. He advised his brother during times of crisis such as the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis. As Fidel’s health faded, Raà ºl came to be considered as the logical (and perhaps the only possible) successor. An ailing Castro turned over the reins of power to Raà ºl in July 2006, and in January 2008 Raà ºl was elected president in his own right, Fidel having withdrawn his name from consideration. Many see Raà ºl as being more pragmatic than Fidel, and there was some hope that Raà ºl would loosen the restrictions placed on Cuban citizens. He has done so, although not to the extent that some expected. Cubans can now own cell phones and consumer electronics. Economic reforms were implemented in 2011 to encourage more private initiative, foreign investment, and agrarian reforms. He limited terms for president, and he will step down after his second term as president ends in 2018. Normalization of relations with the United States began in earnest under  Raà ºl, and full diplomatic relations were resumed in 2015. President Obama visited Cuba and met with  Raà ºl in 2016. It will be interesting to see who succeeds Raà ºl as President of Cuba, as the torch gets handed to the next generation. Sources Castaà ±eda, Jorge C. Compaà ±ero: The Life and Death of Che Guevara. New York: Vintage Books, 1997. Coltman, Leycester. The Real Fidel Castro. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2003.